Rubin "Hurricane" Carter (born May 6, 1937) is a former American ^ b. English is the de facto language of American government and the sole language spoken at home by 80% of Americans age five and older. Spanish is the second most commonly spoken language middleweight Middleweight is a division, or weight class, in boxing. Early boxing history is less than exact, but the middleweight designation seems to have begun in the 1840s. In the bare-knuckle era, the first middleweight championship fight was between Tom Chandler and Dooney Harris in 1867. Chandler won, becoming known as the American middleweight champion boxer Boxing is a combat sport in which two participants, generally of similar weight, fight each other with their fists. Boxing is supervised by a referee and is typically engaged in during a series of one to three-minute intervals called rounds. There are three ways to win. Victory is achieved if the opponent is knocked out and unable to get up before, who competed from 1961 through 1966. Carter, along with John Artis, was convicted twice for the murder of three people which occurred at a bar in June 1966 in his hometown Paterson Paterson is a city in Passaic County, New Jersey, United States. As of the United States 2000 Census, the city population was 149,222. Census population projections indicate a population of 146,545 as of 2007, making it New Jersey's third largest city. It is the county seat of Passaic County. Paterson is known as the "Silk City" for its, New Jersey New Jersey (pronounced /njuː ˈdʒɜrzi/, locally [nuː ˈdʒɜrzi]) is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. It is bordered on the northeast by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania and on the southwest by Delaware. New Jersey lies largely within the sprawling metropolitan. He was later released after serving twenty years of three life sentences when a federal judge overturned his conviction.

Contents

Early life

Carter was born and raised in Paterson Paterson is a city in Passaic County, New Jersey, United States. As of the United States 2000 Census, the city population was 149,222. Census population projections indicate a population of 146,545 as of 2007, making it New Jersey's third largest city. It is the county seat of Passaic County. Paterson is known as the "Silk City" for its, New Jersey New Jersey (pronounced /njuː ˈdʒɜrzi/, locally [nuː ˈdʒɜrzi]) is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. It is bordered on the northeast by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania and on the southwest by Delaware. New Jersey lies largely within the sprawling metropolitan, the fourth of seven children. He acquired a criminal record that resulted in his being sentenced to a juvenile reformatory for assault and robbery shortly after his fourteenth birthday. Carter escaped from the reformatory in 1954 1954 was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) and joined the Army The United States Army is the branch of the United States armed forces responsible for land-based military operations. It is the largest and oldest established branch of the U.S. military and is one of seven uniformed services. The modern Army has its roots in the Continental Army which was formed on 14 June 1775, before the establishment of the at age seventeen. A few months after completing infantry basic training Recruit training is the initial indoctrination and instruction given to new military personnel. It may be common to all recruits, officers being selected on the basis of competency shown during recruit training, or for the enlisted ranks only. Officer trainees undergo more detailed programs, which may either precede or follow the common recruit at Fort Jackson Fort Jackson is a United States Army installation, which TRADOC operates on for Basic Combat Training , and is located in Columbia, South Carolina. This installation is named for Andrew Jackson, a United States Army General and 7th President of the United States, South Carolina South Carolina ( /ˌsaʊθ kærəˈlaɪnə/ ) is a southern U.S. state that borders Georgia to the south and North Carolina to the north. Originally part of the Province of Carolina, the Province of South Carolina was one of the 13 colonies that declared independence from the British Crown during the American Revolution. The colony was originally, he was sent to West Germany West Germany is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland) in the period between its formation in May 1949 to German reunification in October 1990, when the communist East Germany was dissolved and the five states on its territory joined the Federal Republic of Germany, ending the more than 40-, where he developed an interest in boxing. Carter was a poor soldier, and was court-martialed A court-martial is a military court. These military courts can determine punishments for members of the military subject to military law who are found guilty or may dismiss the charges based on the evidence and the case presented. Most militaries maintain a court-martial system to try cases in which a breakdown of military discipline may have four times for charges ranging from insubordination to being AWOL In military terminology, desertion is the abandonment of a "duty" or post without permission from one's Government or superior. The term AWOL is an acronym for "Absent WithOut Leave." Ultimate "duty" or "responsibility," however, under International Law, is not necessarily always to a "Government". In May 1956, he was discharged Discharge or separation should not be confused with retirement; career U.S. military members who retire are not separated or discharged; rather, they enter the retired reserve and may be subject to recall to active duty as "unfit for military service", after having served 21 months of his three-year term of enlistment.

After his return to New Jersey, Carter was picked up by authorities and sentenced to an additional ten months for escaping from the reformatory. Shortly after being released, Carter was arrested for a series of street muggings, which included the assault and robbery of a middle-aged black woman. He pleaded guilty to the charges and was imprisoned in New Jersey State Prison The New Jersey State Prison , formerly known as Trenton State Prison, is a state prison in the United States operated by the New Jersey Department of Corrections. Located in Trenton, New Jersey, it accommodated over 1,900 prisoners as of January, 2005 in Trenton, New Jersey Trenton is the capital of the U.S. state of New Jersey and the county seat of Mercer County. As of 2007, the United States Census Bureau estimated that the city of Trenton had a population of 82,804, a maximum-security facility, where he would remain for the next four years.

Boxing career

In prison, Carter resumed his interest in boxing, and upon his release in September 1961, turned professional.[1] At 5 ft 7 in (1.7 m), Carter was shorter than the average middleweight Middleweight is a division, or weight class, in boxing. Early boxing history is less than exact, but the middleweight designation seems to have begun in the 1840s. In the bare-knuckle era, the first middleweight championship fight was between Tom Chandler and Dooney Harris in 1867. Chandler won, becoming known as the American middleweight champion, but he fought all of his professional career at 155–160 lb (70–72.6 kg). His shaven head, prominent mustache, unwavering stare and solid frame made him an intimidating presence in the ring. His aggressive style and punching power (resulting in many early-round knockouts) drew attention, establishing him as a crowd favorite and earning him the nickname “Hurricane.” After he had beaten a number of middleweight contenders such as Florentino Fernandez, Holley Mims Holley Mims was a highly-regarded middleweight during the 1950s and 60's. His overall record 64-27-6 (13 KOs) meant that he spent much of his career ranked among the top ten middleweights. Among his notable fights was a loss to Rubin Carter in 1962, a fight that he took on one day's notice. As a result of the loss, he dropped out of Ring Magazine', Gomeo Brennan, and George Benton, the boxing world took notice. Ring Magazine The Ring is an American boxing magazine that was first published in 1922 as a boxing and wrestling magazine. As the sporting legitimacy of professional wrestling came more into question, The Ring shifted to becoming exclusively a boxing oriented publication. The magazine is currently owned by Oscar De La Hoya's Golden Boy Enterprises first listed him as one of its "Top 10" middleweight contenders in July 1963.

He fought six times in 1963, winning four bouts and losing two.[1] He remained ranked in the lower part of the top 10 until December 20, when he surprised the boxing world by flooring past and future world champion Emile Griffith Emile Alphonse Griffith is a former boxer who was the first fighter from the U.S. Virgin Islands ever to become a world champion. He is best known for a controversial 1962 welterweight title fight in which Benny Paret died ten days after being knocked out by Griffith. In addition to the Welterweight title Griffith was a Middleweight champion twice in the first round and scoring a technical knockout A knockout is a winning criterion in several full-contact combat sports, such as boxing, kickboxing, Muay Thai, mixed martial arts, Karate and others sports involving striking. A knockout is usually awarded when one participant is unable to rise from the canvas within a specified period of time, typically because of fatigue, injury (serious or.

That win resulted in Ring Magazine ranking Carter as the #3 contender for Joey Giardello Carmine Orlando Tilelli was an American boxer who was the middleweight champion of the world from 1963 to 1965, and was better known by his professional pseudonym of Joey Giardello's world middleweight Middleweight is a division, or weight class, in boxing. Early boxing history is less than exact, but the middleweight designation seems to have begun in the 1840s. In the bare-knuckle era, the first middleweight championship fight was between Tom Chandler and Dooney Harris in 1867. Chandler won, becoming known as the American middleweight champion title. Carter won two more fights (one a decision over future heavyweight Heavyweight is a division, or weight class, in boxing. Fighters who weigh over 200 pounds are considered heavyweights by the major professional boxing organizations: the International Boxing Organization, the World Boxing Association, the World Boxing Council, and the World Boxing Organization champion Jimmy Ellis James Albert "Jimmy" Ellis is a boxer from Louisville, Kentucky. He held the WBA Heavyweight title from 1968 to 1970) in 1964, before meeting Giardello in Philadelphia for a fifteen-round championship match on December 14. Carter fought well in the early rounds, landing a few solid rights to the head, but failed to follow them up and Giardello took control of the fight in the fifth round. The judges awarded Giardello a unanimous decision. An informal poll conducted among ringside sportswriters agreed that Giardello had outboxed the challenger. Carter continually stated that he won at least nine of the fifteen rounds.[2]

After that fight, Carter's standing as a contender—as reflected by his ranking in Ring Magazine—began to decline. He fought nine times in 1965, but lost four of five fights against top contenders (Luis Manuel Rodriguez Luis Manuel Rodríguez was a smooth boxing Cuban former world welterweight boxing champion. Known as "El Feo", Rodriguez began his career in pre-Castro Havana. In Cuba, Rodriguez twice defeated the ill-fated future welterweight champion Benny Kid Paret, Englishman England ( /ˈɪŋɡlənd/ ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental Europe. Most of England Harry Scott Scott was born in Bootle Liverpool, his most significant win was arguably that over Rubin Carter and Nigerian Nigeria , officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and one Federal Capital Territory. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast lies on the Gulf of Guinea, Dick Tiger).[1] Tiger, in particular, had no problem with Carter, flooring him three times in their match. "It was," Carter said, "the worst beating that I took in my life—inside or outside the ring."[3] During his visit to London (to fight Scott) Carter was involved in an altercation at his hotel, during which he fired several shots with a pistol. In order for the bout to take place, the promoter of the event, Mickey Duff, was obliged to pay bribes to keep Carter out of the hands of the police.[4]

Carter's career record in boxing was 27 wins, 12 losses and one draw in 40 fights, with 19 total knockouts (8 KOs and 11 TKOs).[5]

He received an honorary championship title belt from the World Boxing Council The World Boxing Council was initially established by 11 countries: the United States, Argentina, United Kingdom, France, Mexico, Philippines, Panama, Chile, Peru, Venezuela and Brazil plus Puerto Rico, met in Mexico City on February 14, 1963, upon invitation of the then President of Mexico, Adolfo López Mateos, to form an international boxing in 1993, as did Joey Giardello Carmine Orlando Tilelli was an American boxer who was the middleweight champion of the world from 1963 to 1965, and was better known by his professional pseudonym of Joey Giardello at the same banquet held in Las Vegas The Las Vegas metropolitan area, also known as the Las Vegas-Paradise-Henderson Metropolitan Statistical Area, is a metropolitan area in the southern part of the U.S. state of Nevada, consisting of Clark County. A central part of the metropolitan area is the Las Vegas Valley, a 600 sq mi basin in which is located the metropolitan area's largest.

Carter is a member of the New Jersey Boxing Hall of Fame.[1]

Murders

On June 17, 1966, at approximately 2:30 a.m., two males entered the Lafayette Bar and Grill in Paterson, New Jersey New Jersey (pronounced /njuː ˈdʒɜrzi/, locally [nuː ˈdʒɜrzi]) is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. It is bordered on the northeast by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania and on the southwest by Delaware. New Jersey lies largely within the sprawling metropolitan, and started shooting.[6] The bartender, Jim Oliver, and a male customer, Jim Ropars, were killed instantly. A severely wounded female customer, Hazel Tanis, died almost a month later, having been shot in the throat, stomach, intestine, spleen and left lung, and her arm was shattered by shotgun pellets. A third customer, Steven Ryan, survived the attack, despite being shot in the head and losing sight in one eye. Both Marins and Tanis told police that the shooters had been two black males, although neither were able to identify Carter, his companion in the car, John Artis, or anyone else, as the shooters.

Petty criminal Crime is the breach of rules or laws for which some governing authority may ultimately prescribe a conviction. Individual human societies may each define crime and crimes differently. While every crime violates the law, not every violation of the law counts as a crime; for example: breaches of contract and of other civil law may rank as " Alfred Bello, who had been near the Lafayette to commit a burglary of a factory that night, was an eyewitness. Bello later testified that he was approaching the Lafayette when two black males - one carrying a shotgun, the other a pistol - came around the corner walking towards him.[7] He ran from them, and they got into a white car that was double-parked near the Lafayette.[6] Bello was one of the first people on the scene of the shootings, as was Patricia Graham (later Patricia Valentine), a resident on the second floor (above the Lafayette). Bello (who admitted four months later that he stole $60 from the register when he went to get a dime) and Graham both called the police. Graham told the police that she saw two males get into a white car and drive westbound. Another neighbour, Cait Murtha, also heard the shots and said that when he looked from his window he saw Alfred Bello running on Lafayette Street toward 16th Street. He further reported that he heard the screech of tires and saw a white car shoot past, heading west, with two black males in the front seat.

First conviction

Carter's car matched the description provided by the witnesses. Police stopped it and brought Carter and another occupant, John Artis, to the scene about thirty minutes after the incident. There was little physical evidence; police took no fingerprints at the crime scene, and lacked the necessary facilities to conduct a paraffin test Gunshot residue is principally composed of burnt and unburnt particles from the explosive primer, the propellant, as well as components from the bullet, the cartridge case and the firearm used. There are authors who use other definitions, such as cartridge discharge residue (CDR) or firearm discharge residue (FDR) on Carter and Artis. None of the eyewitnesses identified Carter or Artis as one of the shooters. On searching Carter's car, the police discovered a live .32 caliber pistol round and a 12-gauge shotgun A shotgun is a firearm that is usually designed to be fired from the shoulder, which uses the energy of a fixed shell to fire a number of small spherical pellets called shot, or a solid projectile called a slug. Shotguns come in a wide variety of sizes, ranging from 5.5 mm (.22 inch) bore up to 5 cm (2 inch) bore, and in a range of firearm shell; these rounds were of the same two calibers used in the shootings.[7] Carter and Artis were taken to police headquarters and questioned.

In the afternoon, both men underwent polygraph A polygraph is an instrument that measures and records several physiological responses such as blood pressure, pulse, respiration, breathing rhythms, body temperature and skin conductivity while the subject is asked and answers a series of questions, on the theory that false answers will produce distinctive measurements. The polygraph measures testing. Although there are serious questions about exactly what happened during the testing,[citation needed] examiner John J. McGuire subsequently reported the following conclusion about Carter: "After a careful analysis of the polygraph record of this subject, it is the opinion of the examiner that this subject was attempting deception to all the pertinent questions and was involved in this crime. After the examination, when confronted with the examiner's opinion the subject denied any participation in the crime." The scientific merit and reliability of polygraph tests are disputed, and they are generally inadmissible as evidence. Carter and Artis were released later that day.[citation needed]

Several months later, Bello disclosed to the police that he had an accomplice during the attempted burglary, one Arthur Dexter Bradley. On further questioning, Bello and Bradley both independently identified Carter as one of the two males they had seen carrying weapons outside the bar the night of the murders; Bello also identified Artis as the other. Based on this additional evidence, Carter and Artis were arrested and indicted.[citation needed]

The defense, including famed attorney Raymond A. Brown,[8] showed that the accused didn't match one of the descriptions given by eyewitness Marins on June 17,[citation needed] the two stuck to their testimony. The defense also produced witnesses who testified that Carter and Artis had been in another, nearby bar at about the time of the shootings.[7] This, plus evidence of the identification of Carter's car by both Patricia Valentine and Bello, the ammunition found in Carter's car, and questions about the testimony given by Carter's alibi witnesses, convinced the jury that Carter and Artis were the killers. Both men were convicted and sentenced to three life terms in prison. In Carter's book, The Sixteenth Round,[9] Carter argued that the fact he and Artis were spared the death penalty Capital punishment, or the death penalty, is the execution of a person by judicial process as a punishment for an offense. Crimes that can result in a death penalty are known as capital crimes or capital offences. The term capital originates from Latin capitalis, literally "regarding the head" . Hence, a capital crime was originally one (notwithstanding that the jury recommended it) was surprising, and possibly attributable to the judge's own doubts as to their guilt.

Bello and Bradley recanted their testimony given at the 1967 trial, and these recantations were used as the basis for a motion for a new trial. Judge Samuel Larner, who presided over both the original trial and the recantation hearing, denied the motion.[citation needed]

Despite Larner's ruling, Madison Avenue Madison Avenue is a north-south avenue in the borough of Manhattan in New York City that carries northbound one-way traffic. It runs from Madison Square to the Madison Avenue Bridge at 138th Street. In doing so, it passes through Midtown, the Upper East Side (including Carnegie Hill), Spanish Harlem, and Harlem. It is named after and arises from advertising guru George Lois George Lois is an award-winning American Art Director, designer, advertising leader and author. George Lois is best known for the legendary and brilliant covers for Esquire Magazine which he produced as Art Director for Esquire from 1962 to 1972. Lois' Esquire covers offered a controversial statement on life in the 1960s with subjects including organized a campaign on Carter's behalf, which led to increasing public support for a retrial or pardon. Muhammad Ali Muhammad Ali is a retired American boxer and three-time World Heavyweight Champion, who is widely considered one of the greatest heavyweight championship boxers of all time. As an amateur, he won a gold medal in the light heavyweight division at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome. After turning professional, he went on to become the first boxer to lent his support to the campaign, and Bob Dylan Bob Dylan is an American singer-songwriter, musician, painter and poet. He has been a major figure in popular music for five decades. Much of his most celebrated work dates from the 1960s when he was at first an informal chronicler, and later an apparently reluctant figurehead of social unrest. A number of his songs such as "Blowin' in the co-wrote (with Jacques Levy Jacques Levy was a Jewish American songwriter, theatre director, and clinical psychologist) and performed a song called "Hurricane Hurricane is a protest song by Bob Dylan co-written with Jacques Levy, about the imprisonment of Rubin "Hurricane" Carter. It compiles alleged acts of racism and profiling against Carter, which Dylan describes as leading to a false trial and conviction" (1975), which declared that Carter was innocent. Carter also appeared as himself in Dylan's 1975 movie Renaldo and Clara Renaldo and Clara is a surrealist movie, directed by and starring Bob Dylan. Filmed in 1975, during Dylan's Rolling Thunder Revue tour, it was released in 1978. In its original form, it is nearly four hours long.[10]

During the hearing on Bello's and Bradley's recantations, the prosecution introduced a taped interrogation of Bello that revealed promises made by the police to assist the two with various criminal cases against them. The defense had been told during cross-examination of the witnesses that no such deals had been offered to Bello and Bradley. Thus, the information concerning the deals should have been provided at the time of the trial. The New Jersey Supreme Court The New Jersey Supreme Court is the highest court in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It has existed in three different forms under the three different state constitutions since the independence of the state in 1776. The main difference between the versions, the composition of the court, reflects the change in jurisprudence from the colonial British unanimously held that the evidence of various deals made between the prosecution and witnesses Bello and Bradley should have been disclosed to the defense before or during the 1967 trial as this could have "affected the jury's evaluation of the credibility" of the eyewitnesses. "The defendants' right to a fair trial was substantially prejudiced," said Justice Mark Sullivan.[7]

Despite public and political pressure[citation needed] to drop the case, prosecutor Burrell Ives Humphreys, decided to re-prosecute the ten-year-old murder indictments. As part of the re-investigation of the case, Humphreys had Bello polygraphed, and while the polygrapher Leonard H. Harrelson concluded that Bello was being truthful when he identified Carter and Artis as being outside the bar after the murders, Harrelson further concluded that Bello was inside the bar shortly before and at the time of the shooting, contradicting Bello's 1967 trial testimony.

Humphreys also made an offer to both Carter and Artis—a "no-risk" polygraph test. If either man would take and "pass" a polygraph test conducted by a nationally-recognized expert, Humphreys would drop the prosecution of him, while if he were to "fail" the test, there would be no adverse consequences.[citation needed] Both Carter and Artis refused Humphrey's offer.[citation needed]

Second conviction and appeal

During the new trial, witness Billy Gilin repeated the testimony he had given in 1967, identifying Carter and Artis as the two armed men he said he had seen at Wit or Witout. Bradley refused to cooperate with prosecutors, and neither prosecution nor defense called him as a witness. Carter's alibi witnesses from the first trial appeared as prosecution witnesses, and testified that Carter and his attorney had persuaded them to commit perjury at the first trial, providing Carter with false alibis. They produced a letter Carter had written to them from prison describing the alibi to them. Carter's defense attorney from the first trial, Raymond Brown, was called as a witness in the second trial.[8]

The defense responded with testimony from multiple witnesses identifying Carter at the locations he claimed to be at the morning the murders happened.[11] A blow to the defense case occurred when Judge Bruno Leopizzi forced defense witness Fred Hogan - whose efforts had led to the discredited recantations of Bello and Bradley - to produce his notes. These showed that Hogan had discussed paying money to Bello to procure the recantations, an apparent discussion of bribery. During his testimony, Hogan denied ever offering any bribes or inducements.[12] The court also heard testimony from a Carter associate that Passaic County Passaic County is a county located in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2000 Census, the population was 489,049. Its county seat is Paterson. It is part of the New York Metropolitan Area prosecutors had tried to pressure her into testifying against Carter. Prosecutors denied the charge.[13]

The prosecution also presented a motive in the second trial that was not presented in the first trial. The motive for the murder was presented as a retaliation for the murder of a black bartender at the hands of a white man earlier in the evening of the murders in question. This motive of racially charged revenge would later be cited in the successful appeal as being discriminatory, as the only reason to believe that the defendants would want to retaliate is because of their race, as there was no other evidence to corroborate this motive. The prosecution did try to submit into evidence passages from Carter's own autobiography as evidence of his racist views, but the judge did not allow the evidence.[citation needed]

Judge Leopizzi instructed the jurors that if they did not believe Bello, they should acquit the defendants. The state objected and requested that the court instruct the jury that a conviction could be based on the other evidence the state had presented, but this request was denied. After deliberating for almost nine hours, the jury again found Carter and Artis guilty of the murders, resulting in life sentences for both .

Artis was paroled in 1981.[14] Carter's defense continued to appeal on various grounds. In 1982, the Supreme Court of New Jersey ruled that the prosecution had withheld evidence from the defense, but that the withheld material was not material (and thus did not create a Brady violation Brady material consists of exculpatory or impeaching information that is material to the guilt or innocence or to the punishment of a defendant. The term comes from the U.S. Supreme Court case, Brady v. Maryland, in which the Supreme Court ruled that suppression by the prosecution of evidence favorable to a defendant who has requested it violates), and affirmed the convictions in a 4-3 decision.[15]

Appeal at the federal court

Three years later, Rubin Carter's attorneys filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in federal court, a rarely successful collateral attack on the judgment of a state court requesting federal review of the constitutionality of the state court's decision.[16] The effort paid off; in 1985, Judge Haddon Lee Sarokin of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey ruled that Carter and Artis had not received a fair trial, saying that the prosecution had been "based on racism rather than reason" (as there was no real evidence to prove the motive was racially motivated), and "concealment rather than disclosure." He chided the state of New Jersey for having withheld evidence regarding Bello's problematic polygraph testing and set aside the convictions. New Jersey prosecutors appealed Sarokin's ruling to the Third Circuit Court of Appeals and filed a motion with the Court to return Carter to prison pending the outcome of the appeal.[17][18] The Court denied this motion and eventually upheld Sarokin's opinion, affirming his Brady analysis without commenting on his other rationale.[19]

The prosecutors appealed to the United States Supreme Court, which declined to hear the case.[6][20]

The rulings left the prosecutors with the choice of either trying Carter and Artis for a third time or dismissing the indictments. In 1988, New Jersey prosecutors filed a motion to dismiss the original indictments brought against Carter and Artis. "It is just not legally feasible to sustain a prosecution, and not practical after almost 22 years to be trying anyone," said New Jersey Attorney General W. Cary Edwards. Acting Passaic County prosecutor John P. Goceljak said several factors made a retrial impossible, including Bello's "current unreliability" as a witness and the unavailability of other witnesses. Goceljak also doubted whether the prosecution could reintroduce the racially-motivated crime theory due to the federal court rulings.[21] Furthermore, John Artis had already been paroled and would not have been returned to prison even had he been re-convicted. The motion to dismiss was granted, effectively dropping all charges.

Aftermath

Carter now lives in Toronto, Ontario, and was executive director of the Association in Defense of the Wrongly Convicted (AIDWYC) from 1993 until 2005. Carter publicly resigned from AIDWYC when the prosecutor of Canadian Guy Paul Morin, a wrongfully convicted man, was promoted to a judgeship and AIDWYC declined to support Carter's protest of the appointment. In 1996 Carter, then 60, was arrested when Toronto police mistakenly identified him as a suspect in his forties believed to have sold drugs to an undercover officer. He was released after the police realized their error.[22][23] Carter now works as a motivational speaker. On October 14, 2005, he received two honorary Doctorates of Law, one from York University (Toronto, Canada) and one from Griffith University (Brisbane, Australia), in recognition of his work with AIDWYC and the Innocence Project. Carter has a son named Raheem Rubin Carter, born on December 28, 1976, who now resides in Tampa, Florida.

Carter's story inspired the Norman Jewison 1999 feature film The Hurricane, starring Denzel Washington in the title role, as well as Nelson Algren's 1983 novel, The Devil's Stocking.[24]

References

  1. ^ a b c d "Rubin Carter 'Hurricane'". New Jersey Boxing Hall of Fame. http://www.njboxinghof.org/cgi-bin/henryseehof.pl?57. Retrieved 2009-01-24.
  2. ^ "Once Again, Giardello Is in the Eye of the Storm". The New York Times. March 12, 2000. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0DE5DB153BF931A25750C0A9669C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1. Retrieved 2009-01-24. "Joey clearly deserved his unanimous decision. Afterward, he said that Carter isn't a bad fighter and admitted that he had him confused early and never fell for any of my feints. Carter's failing was not attacking inside. He just kept looking for that one shot to knock me out, Giardello said."
  3. ^ Dick Tiger: The Life and Times of a Boxing Immortal (Part three) by Adeyinka Makinde
  4. ^ Duff, Mickey (1999). Twenty and Out: A Life in Boxing. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0002189262.
  5. ^ "Rubin Carter". Boxrec. http://www.boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=11387&cat=boxer. Retrieved 2009-01-24. "won 27 (KO 19) + lost 12 (KO 1) + drawn 1 = 40 rounds boxed 256 : KO% 47.5"
  6. ^ a b c "Supreme Court Refuses to Revive Hurricane Carter's Murder Case". The New York Times. January 12, 1988. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE6DC1E3EF931A25752C0A96E948260&scp. Retrieved 2009-01-24. "The United States Supreme Court refused yesterday to consider reinstating the triple-murder convictions of Rubin (Hurricane) Carter and John Artis. It was the latest and perhaps the last chapter in a tangled 21-year legal struggle."
  7. ^ a b c d "The Seventeenth Round". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,918176,00.html. Retrieved 2009-01-24.
  8. ^ a b Berger, Joseph. "Raymond A. Brown, Civil Rights Lawyer, Dies at 94", The New York Times, October 11, 2009. Accessed October 12, 2009.
  9. ^ Carter, Rubin (1 May 1991). The Sixteenth Round: From Number 1 Contender To #45472. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Penguin Group. pp. 339. ISBN 978-0-14-014929-6.
  10. ^ http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0141918/
  11. ^ [1]
  12. ^ [2]
  13. ^ [3]
  14. ^ "Artis Wins Parole". The New York Times. December 15, 1981. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30B1EFC3E5C0C768DDDAB0994D9484D81. Retrieved 2009-01-24. "John Artis, who was convicted twice with Rubin (Hurricane) Carter of killing three persons in a Paterson, N.J., bar holdup 15 years ago, will be paroled from Rahway State Prison on December 22, the New Jersey Parole Board announced yesterday. Mr. Artis, 35 years old, was sentenced to a ..."
  15. ^ [4]
  16. ^ Carter v. Rafferty, 621 F.Supp. 533 (D.C.N.J. 1985)
  17. ^ Carter v. Rafferty, 826 F.2d 1299 (3rd Cir. 1987)
  18. ^ Associated Press (December 20, 1985). "Court Urged to Return Rubin Carter to Prison". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C01E1D6153BF933A15751C1A963948260&scp=38&sq. Retrieved 2009-01-24. "Prosecutors have petitioned a Federal appeals court to return Rubin (Hurricane) Carter to prison. A judge ordered Mr. Carter's release last month on the ground that his conviction in a 1966 triple murder had been based on racism."
  19. ^ Associated Press (January 19, 1986). "U.S. Court Refuses to Order Rubin Carter Back to Prison". The New York Times. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F5071FF839580C7A8DDDA80894DE484D81&scp. Retrieved 2009-01-24. "A Federal appeals court has denied a request by New Jersey prosecutors that Rubin (Hurricane) Carter be returned to prison while they appeal a dismissal of his 1977 murder conviction. A three-judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit here denied the request by ..."
  20. ^ Carter v. Rafferty, 484 U.S. 1011 (1988)
  21. ^ "Jersey Ends Move to Retry Rubin Carter". The New York Times. February 20, 1988. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE2DF1E3CF933A15751C0A96E948260. Retrieved 2009-01-24. "New Jersey prosecutors said yesterday that they would not try Rubin (Hurricane) Carter and John Artis a third time for a triple-murder in a case that provoked national attention over charges that the authorities had framed both men."
  22. ^ "Hurricane Carter Arrested by Mistake". 12 April 1996. http://www.geocities.com/rubinhurricane2k/again.html. Retrieved 2009-02-08.
  23. ^ "World News Briefs; American Boxer May Sue Toronto Police for Arrest". The New York Times. 14 April 1996. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A04E0D91139F937A25757C0A960958260. Retrieved 2009-02-08.
  24. ^ Algren, Nelson (1 January 2006). The Devil's Stocking. Seven Stories Press. pp. 320. ISBN 978-1-58322-699-5.

Further reading

External links

Persondata
NAME Carter, Rubin
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Carter, Rubin "Hurricane"
SHORT DESCRIPTION Professional middleweight boxer
DATE OF BIRTH 6 May 1937
PLACE OF BIRTH Paterson, New Jersey
DATE OF DEATH
PLACE OF DEATH

Categories: 1937 births | African Americans | African American boxers | American boxers | American expatriates in Canada | Canadian people of African descent | New Jersey Supreme Court | Living people | People from New Jersey | People from Paterson, New Jersey | People from Toronto | United States Army soldiers | Overturned convictions in the United States

<<Table of Contents | Show All>>

 

The above information uses material from Wikipedia and is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
Some facts may not have been fully verified for accuracy. [Disclaimers]
This page was last archived by our server on Wed Feb 10 13:00:25 2010. [ refresh local cache ]
Displaying this page or its contents does not use any Wikimedia Foundation's resources.
The owners of this site proudly support the Wikimedia Foundation.

[Hide]▼
[Hide]▲